Sociodemographic Factors Contributing to Youth Recidivism: A Case Study of District Swabi
Recidivism refers to the tendency of a person who has been released from prison to re-offend and return to prison. It is often measured by the percentage of individuals who are re-arrested, re- convicted, or re-incarcerated within a certain period of time after their release from prison. This study aims to identify the predictors of criminal recidivism in District Swabi. Data pertaining Ex-inmates' data was collected through interviews. Social stigma, unemployment, lack of reintegration, personal distress, violent prisoner, drug abuse, and lack of educational facilities were found to have effects on criminal recidivism, as the respondents revealed based on their experiences, and it is also revealed that such predictors if experienced, can lead to further reoffending. Various strategies have been proposed to address recidivism, including providing education and job training programs for prisoners.
-
Recidivism, Swabi, Factors
-
(1) Afzal Ahmad
Department of Sociology, University of Swabi, KP, Pakistan.
- pel, R., & Sweeten, G. (2010). The Impact of Incarceration on Employment during the Transition to Adulthood. Social Problems, 57(3), 448–479. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.448
- Avery, B., & Hernandez, P. (2017, August 1). National Employment Law Project. http://www.nelp.org/publication/ban-the-box-fair-chance-hiring-state-and-local-guide/
- Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. NY, New York: The Free Press
- Berg, M. T., & Huebner, B. M. (2011). Reentry and the Ties That Bind: an Examination of Social Ties, Employment, and Recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 28(2), 382– 410. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2010.498383
- Bowen Jr, D. E. (2020). The impact of unemployment and poverty on recidivism in West Virginia: a quantitative analysis. Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University.
- Bushway, S. D., & Apel, R. (2012). A Signaling Perspective on Employment-Based Reentry Programming. Criminology & Public Policy, 11(1), 21–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00786.x
- Cook, P. J., Kang, S., Braga, A. A., Ludwig, J., & O’Brien, M. E. (2014). An Experimental Evaluation of a Comprehensive Employment-Oriented Prisoner Re-entry Program. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(3), 355–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9242-5
- Daly, K. (1992). Women’s pathways to felony court: feminist theories of lawbreaking and problems of representation. Southern California Review of Law and Women’s Studies, 2(1), 11–52. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/386914
- Denver, M., Siwach, G., & Bushway, S. D. (2017). A New Look at the Employment and Recidivism Relationship Through the Lens of a Criminal Background Check. Criminology, 55(1), 174–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12130
- Durose, M. R., & Antenangeli, L. (2021). Recidivism of prisoners released in 34 states in 2012: A 5 year follow-up period (2012– 2017). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
- Durose, M. R., Cooper, A. D., Snyder, H. N., & Statisticians, B. (2014). BJS Special Report Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rprts05p0510.pdf
- Fagan, A. A. (2015). Sociological Explanations of the Gender Gap in Offending. In K. M. Beaver, J. C. Barnes, & B. B. Boutwell (Eds.), The Nurture Versus Biosocial Debate in Criminology: On the Origins of Criminal Behavior and Criminality. SAGE Publications Inc.
- Fagan, J., & Freeman, R. B. (1999). Crime and Work. Crime and Justice, 25, 225–290. https://doi.org/10.1086/449290
- Jaffe, A., Du, J., Huang, D., & Hser, Y.-I. (2012). Drug-abusing offenders with comorbid mental disorders: Problem severity, treatment participation, and recidivism. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 43(2), 244–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2011.12.002
- Kendler, K. S., Lönn, S. L., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2017). The role of marriage in criminal recidivism: a longitudinal and co-relative analysis. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 26(6), 655–663. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016000640
- Lageson, S., & Uggen, C. (2013). How work affects crime and crime affects work over the life course. In C. L. Gibson, & M. D. Krohm (Eds.), Handbook of life course criminology: Emerging trends and directions for future research (pp. 201-212). New York, NY: Springer.
- Laub, J., & Sampson, R. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Boston: Harvard University Press.
- Link, N. W., & Roman, C. G. (2016). Longitudinal Associations among Child Support Debt, Employment, and Recidivism after Prison. The Sociological Quarterly, 58(1), 140–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2016.1246892.
- Liu, S. (2014). Is the Shape of the Age-Crime Curve Invariant by Sex? Evidence from a National Sample with Flexible Non- parametric Modeling. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(1), 93–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9225-6
- Loeffler, C. E., & Nagin, D. S. (2021). The Impact of Incarceration on Recidivism. Annual Review of Criminology, 5(1), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-112506
- Pearson, F. S., & Lipton, D. S. (1999). A Meta- Analytic Review of the Effectiveness of Corrections-Based Treatments for Drug Abuse. The Prison Journal, 79(4), 384–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885599079004003
- Ramakers, A., Nieuwbeerta, P., Van Wilsem, J., & Dirkzwager, A. (2016). Not Just Any Job Will Do: A Study on Employment Characteristics and Recidivism Risks After Release. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(16), 1795–1818. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16636141
- Redcross, C., Millenky, M., Rudd, T., & Levshin, V. (2012). More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) transitional jobs program. New York: MDRC.
- Siwach, G. (2018). Unemployment shocks for individuals on the margin: Exploring recidivism effects. Labour Economics, 52, 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2018.02.001
- Skardhamar, T., & Savolainen, J. (2014). Changes in Criminal Offending around the Time of Job Entry: A Study of Employment and Desistance. Criminology, 52(2), 263– 291. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12037
- Skardhamar, T., & Telle, K. (2012). Post-release Employment and Recidivism in Norway. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 28(4), 629–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-012-9166-x
- Uggen, C. (1999). Ex-Offenders and the Conformist Alternative: A Job Quality Model of Work and Crime. Social Problems, 46(1), 127–151. https://doi.org/10.2307/3097165
- Uggen, C., Wakefield, S., & Western, B. (2005). Work and Family Perspectives on Reentry. Prisoner Reentry and Crime in America, 209–243. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511813580.008
- Van Der Geest, V. R., Bijleveld, C. C. J. H., Blokland, A. A. J., & Nagin, D. S. (2014). The Effects of Incarceration on Longitudinal Trajectories of Employment. Crime & Delinquency, 62(1), 107–140. . https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128713519196
- Verbruggen, J., Blokland, A. A. J., & van der Geest, V. R. (2012). Effects of Employment and Unemployment on Serious Offending in a High-Risk Sample of Men and Women from Ages 18 to 32 in the Netherlands. British Journal of Criminology, 52(5), 845–869 . https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azs023
- Western, B., & Beckett, K. (1999). How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution. American Journal of Sociology, 104(4), 1030–1060. https://doi.org/10.1086/210135
- Western, B., Kling, J. R., & Weiman, D. F. (2001). The Labor Market Consequences of Incarceration. Crime & Delinquency, 47(3), 410–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128701047003007
Cite this article
-
APA : Ahmad, A. (2022). Sociodemographic Factors Contributing to Youth Recidivism: A Case Study of District Swabi. Global Anthropological Studies Review, V(I), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.31703/gasr.2022(V-I).04
-
CHICAGO : Ahmad, Afzal. 2022. "Sociodemographic Factors Contributing to Youth Recidivism: A Case Study of District Swabi." Global Anthropological Studies Review, V (I): 29-37 doi: 10.31703/gasr.2022(V-I).04
-
HARVARD : AHMAD, A. 2022. Sociodemographic Factors Contributing to Youth Recidivism: A Case Study of District Swabi. Global Anthropological Studies Review, V, 29-37.
-
MHRA : Ahmad, Afzal. 2022. "Sociodemographic Factors Contributing to Youth Recidivism: A Case Study of District Swabi." Global Anthropological Studies Review, V: 29-37
-
MLA : Ahmad, Afzal. "Sociodemographic Factors Contributing to Youth Recidivism: A Case Study of District Swabi." Global Anthropological Studies Review, V.I (2022): 29-37 Print.
-
OXFORD : Ahmad, Afzal (2022), "Sociodemographic Factors Contributing to Youth Recidivism: A Case Study of District Swabi", Global Anthropological Studies Review, V (I), 29-37
-
TURABIAN : Ahmad, Afzal. "Sociodemographic Factors Contributing to Youth Recidivism: A Case Study of District Swabi." Global Anthropological Studies Review V, no. I (2022): 29-37. https://doi.org/10.31703/gasr.2022(V-I).04