Every single day humans produce a lot of waste and garbage to fulfill their living requirements and needs in daily life. These activities cause the increase in temperature of our globe. Climate change and global warming are also the main causes of Pollution. The migrants in the cities improperly dump their waste. "The unhealthy waste management practices resulted in several outbreaks of epidemics and high death tolls (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993)."

Developed countries have proper sets of plans and goals to dispose of waste sustainably while developing countries must face many problems in management. As we all know environmental Sustainability or a clean and green environment is necessary to maintain the equilibrium of the world and for the well-being of current and future generations. WHO stated that waste management started with generating, transporting, and disposal of trash. Environmental standards will be regulated by using Cotton or paper bags instead of polythene or plastics which are non-biodegradable materials. Initially, Solid

Waste Management (SWM) started in the late 18th century in London. But if we talk about history 6500BCE waste management begins and their shreds of evidence are shown in "Oasis, Syria" Mesopotamian society. Their urban planning drainage system had a proper sophisticated Gutter System in residential areas. Many other societies in the past had proper management systems and planning with shreds of evidence.

In ancient cities, the sanitary system in Europe, and ancient Rome was highly developed and offered sanitation and water supply to their citizens. The disease was still common in them but "The great hygiene of Rome" is represented by their system. Internationally there are 5 steps for the disposal of waste Reuse, Recycle, Recover, Reduce, land fillings, etc. Singapore could be at risk of the spread of any infectious illnesses. At the same time, the burden of disposing of solid waste is still increased by the rapid economic and demographic growth.

The Ministry of Environment has historically overseen managing solid wastes in Singapore. Waste is something that will not be usable and disposed of after the use of the product. Anything that is discarded and not used by the user again is marked as Waste. In Singapore, all created trash and waste will be collected according to general waste collection regulations and public cleaning services (Ministry of Environment Forests (MoEF)2015). Solid waste incineration, however, is more expensive but can reduce the amount of garbage entering landfills to the lowest possible level.

Pacific region and East Asia produce 468 million tons of Solid waste per year. China shares 15.55% of the total global waste. Worldwide electronics waste is 56.6 million metric tons per year. The United States is the largest producer of Municipal Solid waste which is about 265 million Metric tons in 2018. Municipal solid wastes generally consist of Electronics, plastics, cloth, uneaten food, packing, etc (Maalouf& Mavropoulos 2022).

Waste management has been a topic of interest for many years, and as such, there is a vast amount of literature available on this subject. Several studies have been carried out on solid waste management (SWM) and its various practices. For instance, a study conducted in Rudraprayag in 2020 revealed that the waste generated in the area includes biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and inert waste (Raj,2020).

Additionally, many other pieces of literature have discussed current practices, challenges, and future solutions to waste management in different countries. In India, for example, studies have been carried out to analyze the current practices as well as the challenges and prospects of waste management( Kumar et al, 2017). In summary, several studies provide insights into SWM practices, challenges, and future solutions in different countries. However, there is a need for continued research to address the increasing challenge of waste management.

Study on the production of solid waste including hospital commercial and industrial garbage study of the composition of solid waste that provides the data needed to calculate the amount of organic and inorganic trash recyclables combustible garbage etc. Obtaining data for a time and motion study will allow researchers to identify the current fleets of vehicles and the locations of the primary collection stations and existing dumping sites additionally do a time and motion study for each vehicle that is currently used to transport solid waste from authorized primary collection stations do the active disposal sites providing information on the routes and daily travel times inventory of the municipalities resources personal and assets used for solid waste management as well as all legally recognized and until organized primary collection places.

Diffusion of innovation theory states that the Spread of New technology and innovative ideas in society. The effective method for diffusion is Communication. Diffusion of innovation is applicable in those areas having improper infrastructure. Those who do not fulfil their basic needs can't Afford to adopt innovation and new technology (Abosede,2020).

Social Practice Theory (SPT) states that there is a link between society and integrated waste management behaviour. It also provides new ways for the sustainable behaviour of humans and their social actions. Practices in high-level communities motivate low- and middle-class communities to practice in their environment (Holland & Lave, 2009).

The balance theory for recycling construction and demolition waste concept was first time introduced in Hong Kong, the main concept of balance theory is the reduction of waste and maintaining the equilibrium of the environment. Waste generated through construction and recycling is equivalent to recycled products utilized in that project, (Wong & Yip, 2002).

Dulany’s theory of propositional control. Their theory explains that attitude or behaviour is not enhanced by rewards and is not degraded by punishments. The behaviour will have desirable results. A person's intentions are described by their desires and what they think they are obligated to do. A quantitative research method was followed in this research. And collect data through Random Probability Sampling from Metropolitan areas of South Africa. Values have a great impact on the Socio and environmental behaviour of humans. Built a positive attitude toward people about recycling, and motivate them to recycle, restore and reuse (Ryan & Bonfield, 1975).

Nabegu, (2010) communicated 'one of the major environmental issues is serious areas of strength for metropolitan (MSW). Overall, trashing the board is the commitment of the locale. They ought to supply the inhabitants with a reasonable and feasible system. In any case, they consistently face an enormous number of issues that go past the regional government's abilities to oversee MSW. This is fundamentally a result of a shortfall of financial resources, progressive disappointment, and complexity.MSW piece moves essentially beginning with one district and then onto the following, as well as beginning with one country and then onto the following. The lifestyle, financial circumstances, waste the chief rules, and present-day day development all have an effect on this assortment'.

Milani, Lazzarino, and Perucci, (2009) said 'Ozone harming substances, for example, carbon dioxide and methane are delivered when strong waste is burned. The outflow of nitrous oxide causes the ozone layer to drain and the nursery impact to happen. Additionally produced in the environment are sulfide and methane. These mixtures are very hazardous to people. Water tainting is another waste-related natural result. Endlessly water-related issues/infection kill around 1400 people consistently'. Squanders that advance into water bodies like waterways, streams, and seas can disturb the environment by diminishing pH and making poisonousness in amphibian life and people who utilize the water. A portion of these pollutants is more lipophilic and subsequently less solvent in water.

Simon,(2009) said 'Water that has been defiled by squandering from one area could be utilized to give savouring water to another. The ill-advised squandering of the executives can likewise bring about soil contamination. Squanders stored randomly are unattractive and draw in sickness vectors. Perilous metals from iron, radioactive squanders, and different sources are poisonous to soil living beings, and plants, bringing down food yields. In satisfactorily overseen squanders hold sickness vectors, bringing about human ailments. Mosquitoes duplicate in stale water bodies, stop up wastes, downpour gathering tyres, void food jars, plastics, and different spots where water gathers. Tissue harm, respiratory contamination, wounds from glass, extremely sharp steels, and needles, as well as parasite diseases from skin contact with trash, are risks that deny labourers stand up to.

My research locale was Rawalpindi. The area of Rawalpindi district is 2,022 square miles. Rawalpindi falls in the salt range and Potohar plateau. Rawalpindi has the 55th respect area in Pakistan basically in the north and the northeast 3626 square kilometers further lies the city. The literacy rate is 70.5 % (January 2005). The population of Rawalpindi is 2,377,000 in 2023. The populace is semantically or ethnically heterogeneous including Pothoharis, Punjabis, Muhajirs, and Pakthuns (Suhaib, Saeed, Gul, & Kaleem, 2019). Human health is harmed by various forms of diseases caused by waste. The loser is a rural Rawalpindi neighborhoods where waste gets deposited. Garbage is frequently legally regulated on a local or regional scale in industrialized countries, where citizens produce more waste than other citizens. All of Rawalpindi's garbage is dumped here, which is spread out over 800 canals. Residents in the area are being compelled to shift as a result of this. If no remedy is discovered, this trash will cause a slew of health problems for humans. The toxic gas released by dumping rubbish causes pollution fog, which is extremely hazardous to human health. The area called the loser dumping site is 800 canals and 1000 tons of waste over there dumped daily. Here the waste was dug and buried thirty feet and then closed from the top.

According to research found that at any time the gases coming out of here catch fire and spread everywhere. Which causes diseases like asthma, lung diseases, and skin allergies. Many diseases could be reduced by recycling. The recycling waste process saves a human from a different disease that affects human health. Big waste management companies in the world recycle most of the waste and again use it in creating many products like Gas, grease, etc. but in Pakistan, companies are not working on waste recycling. It is important to create awareness of waste recycling in Pakistan. Different countries import their waste and increase their financial status.

Residential Waste

People of Pakistan collect their daily waste in the same Containers, baskets, or Plastic bags. Bags and loose rubbish are collected from neighborhoods dumping zones that have been marked (officially or informally) on the roadside in some cities. Garbage collection (and, if appropriate, waste transfer) is typically the region's cities' most significant solid waste management expense (Victory, 2017).

Modern strong industrial waste comprises of different range of materials with different levels of natural harmfulness. Paper, bundling materials, food squander (Waste), oils, solvents, gums, paints and slimes, glass, pottery, stones, metals, plastics, elastic, wood, texture, straw, and different materials are normally Discarted openly without proper Dumping or recycling.

All the medical, and hospital wastes which include Injections, syringes, Plastics and glass drip containers, Swabs, and human organs after the operation are also unhygienically discarded and dumped openly in the Loser Site. As we all know all of those things are highly infectious and cause or spread various diseases when keep in touch.

Tonn of Hospital Waste =

5 tonnes of Domestic Waste

§ Landfills: When natural decomposition occurs at the disposal site, landfilling is the most straightforward and cost-effective option. Regular and unscientific In many developing countries, landfilling is the preferred method of solid waste disposal. Losar is the dumping site where all the waste from Rawalpindi, Murree, Gujar Khan, Taxila, Kallar Syedan, Kahutta, and Metro Bus System is Collected and Dumped in Losar site near Chakbeli Rawalpindi.

§ A sanitary landfill ‘is the process of depositing MSW in a scientifically defined region, distributing garbage in thin layers, compacting it to the smallest feasible volume, and covering it with soil daily. Anaerobic breakdown of organic materials in solid waste produces methane (rich biogas)’ (Dernbach & Henning, 1987).

§ Waste is injected under pressure into steel and concrete-encased shafts drilled deep into the ground in underground injection wells.

The researcher spoke with their respondents in an effort to learn more about how garbage affects human lives. The responder informed the researcher that waste's impacts are highly variable and impacted by the materials or chemicals it contains as well as how it is handled. Waste and chemicals can enter the environment as a result of waste management, even if there is no evidence to clearly link trash patterns to the impact on human health and the ecosystem. Hazardous waste is strictly regulated since it can, by definition, have a harmful impact on both human health and the environment.

The environment and human health could be harmed by improper solid waste management. Direct health risks are the main worry for personnel in this sector, who should be kept as far away from waste contact as feasible. Handling waste from clinics and hospitals carries its own set of risks. The biggest health risks to the general populace are indirect and result from the development of disease vectors, particularly flies and infectious insects.

‘'Uncontrolled unsafe waste from enterprises blending with civil trash represents a well-being risk to people. Harmful released squanders can cause auto collisions. There is a particular gamble of weighty metal focus in the order of things, an issue that shows the connection between metropolitan strong squanders and fluid modern effluents containing weighty metals released to a seepage/sewerage framework as well as open unloading destinations of civil strong squanders, and the squanders released subsequently, keeping an endless loop that incorporates these squanders' (Kinman & Nutini, 1987).

Here you can see in this picture that all types of solid waste are disposed of here. The presence of this trash caused numerous problems for the local population. People constantly had to deal with odours, and throughout the summer, mosquitoes breeding in this waste spread diseases like dengue and malaria. Other ailments include asthma, allergies, and respiratory disorders.

I also had a meeting with the 30-year-old

resident. He claimed that all of the rubbish from Pindi gets dumped here. This whole size of the land is surrounded by 800 canals. people are still there in harsh environments. The health of youngsters and the elderly is being harmed by the smoke from this brick furnace. the health of people living there is also affected and they feel too helpless in the rainy season when all the waste goes wet, producing a foul smell and bacterial and infectious water leaks into the streets and in contact with the people resultantly.

The absence of a barrier in this area allows the animals to frequently these locations. The veggies and rotten leaves from the deposited rubbish are consumed by the animals. Food has an impact on animal health, and when people consume the leftovers from sick animals, they become unwell and have severe health problems.

Coming up next are a few instances of different kinds of issues; Poisoning by means of inward breath of poisonous synthetic substances. 'Flooding can happen when uncollected waste deters stormwater overflow. The birth weight is excessively light. Malignant growth is an infection that influences a huge number of individuals. Mutations of the fetus.The ailment of the mind. Spewing and queasiness. Mercury harm can be brought about by consuming mercury-defiled fish. Plastic tracked down in the seas and consumed by birds brought about an expansion in green growth populaces in streams and the ocean. Water and soil quality crumbles because of this training' (Hamer & Zwiefelhofer, 1986).

The breakdown of waste into its constituent combinations is a regular wellspring of

defilement in the overall environment. This is a particularly critical issue in sad countries. Relatively few existing landfills in the world's most unlucky countries would fulfil regular norms OK in additional well-off nations, and with confined reserves, scarcely any districts will be completely focused before use from here onward. The issue is exacerbated by the issues that go with extended urbanization. The arrival of gas from rotting trash is a significant normal hazard. Methane is a consequence of microorganisms' anaerobic breath, and these tiny life forms thrive in saturated landfills.

Parvez and Kale (2013) said, 'At most outrageous anaerobic crumbling, methane centres can outperform half of the synthesis of landfill gas. The responsibility of these gases for the extended ozone-hurting substance influence and ecological change is an ensuing issue. Liquid leachate control differentiates immensely among landfills in young countries. Leachate is a concern to the surface and groundwater systems close by. The best technique for containing surplus liquid is to use thick soil stores at the lower part of waste pits, close by plastic sheeting-type liners to hinder spillage into the enveloping soil. Waste is encouraged to evaporate rather than enter thusly' (Pervez & Kafeel, 2013)

In the image, it is clearly seen that the poor spend their time in polluted locations, where a large number of animals also visit and eat dead and unhygienic objects. Due to a lack of food and income, the people also consume fruit to meet their necessities. Human waste products are mixed with water in flush toilets before being delivered to sewage treatment facilities. Diapers can be used to dispose of children's waste, which can then be combined with municipal solid garbage. Sometimes, diapers are just dumped into the environment, endangering people's health.

Dumping and landfilling are the common practice which is performed to dispose of waste. Developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, etc. use these kinds of practices to manage their wastes which are affecting the Groundwater, environmental hygiene, air, soil, etc. Developing countries usually lack Economic Development, Infrastructure, Proper Public Policies, Investments, and plans.

The World Bank worked possibly to improve the waste management of 3^rd World countries. Mismanagement causes environmental contamination which is a global issue. Final disposal systems are open dumping and open burning which are the most common methods of managing waste in low-income countries.

Waste pickers are employed at these locations to gather recyclables that are sold in nearby markets. Even though this unofficial practice permits reducing the amount of waste that enters water bodies and open dumps. Additionally, it is a risky practice that raises health and employment concerns.

Waste-related diseases are becoming more prominent in middle-income nations, and they are not being appropriately treated. 'Illegal waste management is the world's leading cause of soil and groundwater pollution, according to numerous studies (Fazzo & Della, 2017)

Some nations struggle to implement proper garbage disposal practices and reduce the amount of waste they produce. We are expected to produce up to 70% more municipal solid trash by 2050, reaching 3.4 billion metric tons. The following nations are concentrating on zero-waste resource management and other policies to uphold zero-waste practices.

1. Japan

2. Sweden

3. Germany

4. South Korea

5. Switzerland

Japan is towards Zero Waste, and along with Sweden Japan takes more serious steps towards Recycling

In the European Union, Germany is the top recycler. To sustain high recycling rates, the nation instituted a mandatory recycling program. Germany recycled up to 56% of its trash by 2002.

In addition to a target of 50% recycling for all its member states, the Waste Framework Directive, a collection of fundamental waste management ideas, was approved by the European Union in 2012. Germany brought the Circular Economy Act of 2012 to the nation. The recycling rates went up to 65% as a result. The targets were later raised by the European Union (EU), which revised the Waste Framework Directive, to 65% by 2035. With a recycling rate of 67% in 2019, Germany is significantly above this goal.

In Germany, trash management begins at home. The vast majority of people in Germany favour zero waste. Customers sort their domestic waste by the nation's recycling program. There are six different trash cans, one for each form of garbage, including plastic and food waste. Plastic garbage should go in the yellow bin, clear glass should go in the white bin, green glass should go in the green bin, brown glass should go in the brown bin, paper waste should go in the blue bin, and organic and food waste should go in the last bin.

In contrast to other nations with lower recycling rates, these distinctions make it simple for recycling facilities to maintain a proper recycling process without a hitch. Germany also established Energies Rewind, a transitional plan for renewable and low-carbon energy.

A concrete step towards becoming a nation with no waste was taken by South Korea in 1986 when it adopted its Waste Management Law. Millions of tons of garbage are deposited in landfills each year, and this law aims to reduce that amount. The use of single-use plastic bags and containers has been outlawed by the government to lower the high levels of plastic in the trash. The establishment of waste processing facilities, the use of waste as fuel, and illegal garbage dumping laws all contributed to the nation's achievement of a zero-to-extremely-low waste environment. There is a $1,000 fine for breaking the rules regarding waste disposal.

Switzerland recycled up to 53% of its total garbage. It is a small landlocked nation that generates about 90 million tons of waste annually. A pay-to-dispose policy was put in place to stop this. Switzerland's citizens spend the money on specialized trash bags, which they use to dispose of their waste.

Data collection is the method for obtaining information about your research problem. Different methods and methodologies are used to gather data from sources. The main purpose of this research is to answer the questions through proper8 research gateway procedures. The methodology for researching the Rawalpindi Waste Management Company (RWMC), is Qualitative, Exploratory Research Methodology. The main purpose of selecting this methodology is its company-based research and the main purpose of the study is to highlight their Aims, Goals, and how they are working in Rawalpindi and its associated areas. How they collect, gather, and use that collected material (Garbage), from households, commercial areas, industrial wastes, and from different institutions in an appropriate way. Qualitative data includes Open-Ended Conversations.

Qualitative research is also very important in studying the root of human behaviour .The interview was a qualitative approach used to find the opinions and behaviours of humans. The interview was considered a key factor in social sciences. The researcher interviewed in a natural setting. The interviewer can get in-depth data about the research topic from the interviewee. The interview is of three types unstructured (open-ended questions), semi-structured, and structured interview (closed-ended questions). 'In anunstructured interview, flexibility is present on both sides. In a structured interview, the interviewer has planned questions for the interviewee. And in the third type of interview, the interviewer has mixed questions some planned and some unplanned questions' (Alshenqeeti, 2014)

Through in-depth interviews, information is gained according to your subject of research. All the data which is collected in the field helps us to understand the crucial information of the company. In-depth interviews also have a series of questions related to your subject of research. All the data which is collected in the field helps us to understand the crucial information of the company.

In-depth interviews also have a series of questions related to your subject of research. A few questions are listed below:

The topic of my research is Productive Waste Management A Case of Rawalpindi Waste Management Company. So basically, the Sample size is limited, my respondents are the higher managerial persons, and under their supervision, all the processes take place, so they gave authentic and deep knowledge of what is going on. My Technique is Non-Probability and Purposive Sampling. Respondents are Experts.

Question 1: What are the current executive orders for Waste Management?

Question 2: What are the common hurdles, and difficulties your employees face during the collection or management process?

Question 3: Where does all this waste go?

Question 4: What type of disposal units do you have?

Question 5: What did you do with that waste?

Question 6: Which areas do you cover? OR from which areas you are collecting?

Question 7: What type of waste removal schedules do you offer?

Question 8: What is included in waste pickup?

The area of my study is Rawalpindi. It requires a month to collect the data from the site (field), and other time is required to analyze the data in order.

Solid waste is any trash created by regular human activities. Old household items like papers, plastic waste in the form of cooking utensils, and other items consumed during daily activities are all considered solid waste. Since the beginning of civilization, when early humans started consuming animal products and producing garbage in the form of bones and other leftovers from the animals they killed, solid waste has existed. More and more products, including those made of wood, metal, and other materials, were made available as the human cycle of expansion continued, and the rubbish that was produced became a bigger issue.

What approach is the best for ensuring the recovery and reuse of materials like metal, plastic, and glass? It should always be performed out. Environmental certificate rules (decline, reuse, reuse, and recover) should be distributed throughout the configuration. For the effective implementation of the original intentions and to have a cohesive strategy towards making possible the main social event of typical solid wastes, public thought, political will, and public support are urgently required. Plans for sufficient achievement and security should be in place for employees who consistently produce waste. A yearly progress report on the plans for the social event involving solid waste should be planned.

Healthcare professionals should collect solid waste and place it in designated containers that are lined with a sterilizer bag. The sterilizer bag needs to bear the biohazard label. On-site steam sterilization is used to sanitize the solid waste container. They then dispose of it as standard medical waste by mailing it to a pre-approved landfill. A waste management company picks up the trash if onsite decontamination is not finished. The waste management company will then properly dispose of it in accordance with the law.

To guarantee that strong waste doesn't hurt the climate or represent a well-being chance for individuals who live there, legitimate waste administration should be carried out. At the family level, sufficient waste detachment is expected, regardless of natural matter being set for fertilizing the soil, which is undoubtedly the best methodology for appropriately discarding this sort of garbage. Actually, the natural waste created breaks down more rapidly, draws in bugs, and spreads sickness. Treating the soil’s natural waste and involving it as compost are two choices. These activities could be made to keep away from adverse results.

§ Districts are extending how much help they give to people, in general, concerning waste arranging.

§ Makers, the overall population, and waste labourers ought to all get more schooling.

§ Advancing the utilization of less risky synthetic compounds instead of dangerous synthetic substances during the assembling system.

§ The rubbish area's regulation ought to be refreshed, and risky waste assortment at assortment destinations ought to be protected, secure, and naturally amicable.

§ How much material that is reused and recycled must be expanded?

§ Supporting the utilization of plastic reusing distinguishing codes and names to make plastic bundling arranging and reusing more straightforward.

§